Schlagworte
peer pressure
coping
in-depth interview
Zitationsvorschlag
Lizenz
Copyright (c) 2021 Claudia Riesmeyer, Elena Pohl, Larissa Ruf
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.
Abstract
Unter den Social Network Sites (SNS) hat sich Instagram zu einer der wichtigsten Plattformen für Jugendliche (10-19 Jahre) entwickelt, insbesondere in Deutschland. Sie nutzen die Plattform zum Austausch von Erfahrungen und Inhalten und vor allem zur Interaktion mit Gleichaltrigen. Normen, die von der Peer-Group definiert werden, können ihr Verhalten sowohl online als auch offline beeinflussen. Dieser Einfluss auf die Anpassung der eigenen Bedürfnisse an die Erwartungen im Umfeld wird als Druck wahrgenommen. Wie Jugendliche diesen Druck von ihrer Peer-Gruppe im Detail auf Instagram wahrnehmen und wie sie damit umgehen, stand bisher selten im Mittelpunkt qualitativer Forschung. Welche Muster und möglichen Bewältigungsstrategien zeigen sich im Verhalten der Jugendlichen? Sind diese Strategien eher problemlösungs- oder vermeidungsorientiert? Der Aufsatz setzt sich mit diesen Fragen auseinander und untersucht anhand von Leitfadeninterviews mit 30 Jugendlichen, welche Strategien sie entwickeln, um mit dem wahrgenommenen Druck umzugehen. Die Befunde zeigen, dass die Peer-Group positive und negative Effekte bei der Instagram-Nutzung auf Heranwachsende haben kann. Sie stellt für sie eine wichtige Bezugsgrösse dar; ein Effekt, der durch die Natur der Plattform noch verstärkt wird, die zwischenmenschliche Verbindungen mit Gleichaltrigen ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig verspüren Heranwachsende den Druck, mit der Gruppe kommunizieren und deren ästhetischen Idealen auf Instagram folgen zu müssen, um nicht aus der Gruppe ausgeschlossen oder anderweitig sanktioniert zu werden. Um mit diesem wahrgenommenen Gruppendruck umzugehen, entwickeln die Heranwachsenden verschiedene aktive und vermeidende Bewältigungsstrategien, u.a. indem sie sich selbst ein mediales Umfeld entsprechend ihrer Bedürfnisse gestalten, sich gegenseitig unterstützen und im eigenen Handeln bestärken. Diese Bewältigungsstrategien kann die Peer-Group wiederum positiv oder negative beeinflussen. Die Peer-Group kann zum Beispiel dabei helfen, mit Gruppendruck umzugehen und Erfahrungen teilen zu können. Negativ bestimmt sie die Bewältigung des Gruppendrucks, da Heranwachsende den Gruppennormen ohne Rücksicht auf ihre persönlichen Interessen entsprechen müssen. Die Befunde unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Heranwachsende bei der Bewältigung dieser Formen von Gruppendruck zu unterstützen. Um handeln zu können und dem wahrgenommenen Druck entgegenzuwirken, benötigen Jugendliche motivationale, emotionale und reflexive Fähigkeiten, die durch medienpädagogische Angebote gefördert werden können.
Literatur
Albert, Mathieu, Klaus Hurrelmann, Gudrun Quenzel, Ulrich Schneekloth, Ingo Leven, Hilde Utzmann, and Sabine Wolfert. 2019. «Summary». In Shell Jugendstudie 2019. Eine Generation Meldet Sich Zu Wort, edited by Deutsche Shell Holding GmbH. Weinheim: Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG. https://www.shell.de/ueber-uns/shell-jugendstudie/_jcr_content/par/toptasks.stream/1570708594823/cc089c96f35209143fdfdcbead8365dc26f9a238/shell-youth-study-2019-summary-en.pdf.
Amichai-Hamburger, Yair. 2005. «Personality and the internet». Computers in Human Behavior 18, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00034-6.
Baker, Stephanie Alice, and Michael James Walsh. 2018. «‘Good Morning Fitfam’: Top posts, hashtags and gender display on Instagram». New Media & Society 20, 4553-4570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818777514.
Baumgartner, Susanne E., Valkenburg, Patti M., and Jochen Peter. 2011. «The influence of descriptive and injunctive peer norms on adolescents’ risky sexual online behavior». Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 14, 753-758. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0510.
boyd, danah. 2008. Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. Berkeley: University of California.
boyd, danah. 2014. It‘s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. New Haven.
Brown, B. Bradford, Clasen, Donna R., and Sue A. Eicher. 1986. «Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents». Developmental Psychology 22, 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.521.
Brown, B. Bradford, and James Larson. 2009. «Peer Relationships in Adolescence». In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, ed. Richard M. Lerner, and Laurence Steinberg, 74-103. New York: Wiley.
Chen, Wenhong, and Kye-Hyong Lee. 2013. «Sharing, liking, commenting, and distressed? The pathway between facebook interaction and psychological distress.» Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 16, 728-734. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0272.
Chua, Trudy Hui Hui, and Leanne Chang. 2016. «Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls‘ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media». Computers in Human Behavior 55, 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011.
Collin, Philippa, Rahilly, Kitty, Richardson, Ingrid, and Amanda Third. 2011. The Benefits of Social Networking Services: A literature review. Melbourne: Cooperative Research Centre for Young People, Technology, and Wellbeing.
Conley, Tara L., and Lalitha Vasudevan. 2017. «Peer cultures». In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Out-of-School Learning, ed. Kylie Peppler, 581-583. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Davis, Katie. 2012. «Friendship 2.0: Adolescents‘ experiences of belonging and self- disclosure online». Journal of Adolescence 35, 1527-1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013.
Dumont, Michelle, and Marc A. Provost. 1999. «Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression». Journal of Youth and Adolescence 29, 343-363. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021637011732.
Erikson, Erik H. 1959. Identity and the life cycle. New York.
Erikson, Erik H. 1968. Identity: Youth and crisis. New York.
Feierabend, Sabine, Thomas Rathgeb, and Theresa Reutter. 2018. «JIM 2018. Jugend, Information, Medien. Basisstudie Zum Medienumgang 12- Bis 19-Jähriger in Deutschland». JIM-Study 2018. Youth, Information, Media] Edited by Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest. Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest. https://www.mpfs.de/fileadmin/files/Studien/JIM/2018/Studie/JIM2018_Gesamt.pdf.
Feierabend, Sabine, Thomas Rathgeb, Hediye Kheredmand, and Stephan Glöckler. 2020. «JIM-Studie 2020. Jugend, Information, Medien. Basisuntersuchung Zum Medienumgang 12- Bis 19-Jähriger». [JIM-Study 2020. Youth, Information, Media] Edited by Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest (mpfs). Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest (LFK, LMK). https://www.mpfs.de/fileadmin/files/Studien/JIM/2020/JIM-Studie-2020_Web_final.pdf.
Festl, Ruth. 2016. «Perpetrators on the internet: Analyzing individual and structural explanation factors of cyberbullying in school context». Computers in Human Behavior 59, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.017.
Festl, Ruth, Scharkow, Michael, and Thorsten Quandt. 2015. «The individual or the group. A multilevel analysis of cyberbullying in school classes». Human Communication Research 41, 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12056.
Festl, Ruth, Vogelgesang, Jens, Scharkow, Michael, and Thorsten Quandt. 2017. «Longitudinal patterns of involvement in cyberbullying: Results from a latent transition analysis among adolescents». Computers in Human Behavior 66, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.027.
Flick, Uwe. 2018. An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Folkman, Susan, and Richard Lazarus. 1980. «An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample». Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21, 219-239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136617.
Frison, Eline, and Steven Eggermont. 2015. «The impact of daily stress on adolescents‘ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook.» Computers in Human Behavior 44, 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070.
Geber, Sarah, and Dorothee Hefner. 2019. «Social norms as communicative phenomena: A communication perspective on the theory of normative social behavior». Studies in Communication and Media 8, 6–28. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2019-1-6.
Geber, Sarah, Baumann, Eva, and Christoph Klimmt. 2019. «Where do norms come from? Peer communication as a factor in normative social influence on risk behavior». Communication Research 46, 708–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217718656.
Geber, Sarah, Baumann, Eva, Czerwinski, Fabian, and Christoph Klimmt. 2019. «The effects of social norms among peer group on risk behavior: A multilevel approach to differentiate perceived and collective norms». Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218824213.
Global Kids Online. 2019. Comparative report. Florence: UNICEF.
Grieve, Rachel. 2017. «Unpacking the characteristics of Snapchat users: A preliminary investigation and an agenda for future research». Computers in Human Behavior 74, 130-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.032.
Haddon, Leslie. 2013. «Mobile media and children». Mobile Media & Communication 1, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157912459504.
Jeong, David C., and James Lee. 2017. «Snap back to reality: Examining the cognitive mechanisms underlying Snapchat». Computers in Human Behavior 77, 274-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.008.
Klimmt, Christoph, Hefner, Dorothee, Reinecke, Leonard, Rieger, Diana, and Peter Vorderer. 2018. «The permanently online and permanently connected mind. Mapping the cognitive structures behind mobile Internet use». In Permanently online, permanently connected. Living and communication in a POPC world, ed. Peter Vorderer, Dorothee Hefner, Leonard Reinecke, and Christoph Klimmt, 18-28. New York: Routledge.
Lazarus, Richard. 1993. «From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks». Annual Review of Psychology 44, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245.
Lee, Eunji, Lee, Jung-Ah, Moon, Jang Ho, and Yongjun Sung. 2015. «Pictures speak louder than words. Motivations for using Instagram». Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 18, 552-556. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0157.
Lee, Yu-Kang, Chang, Chun-Tuan, Lin, You, and Zhao-Hong Cheng. 2014. «The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress.» Computers in Human Behavior 31, 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047.
Lilley, Claire, Ball, Ruth, and Heather Vernon. 2014. The experiences of 11-16 year olds on social networking sites. London: NSPCC.
Lindlof, Thomas R., and Bryan C. Taylor. 2011. Qualitative communication research methods. London: Sage.
Lup, Katherina, Trub, Leora, and Lisa Rosenthal. 2015. «Instagram #Instasad? Exploring associations among Instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed». Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18, 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0560.
Mackson, Samantha B., Brochu, Paul M., and Barry A. Schneider. 2019. «Instagram: Friend or foe? The application’s association with psychological well-being». New Media & Society 21, 2160-2182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819840021.
Mascheroni, Giovanna, and Jane Vincent. 2016. «Perpetual contact as a communicative affordance: Opportunities, constraints, and emotions». Mobile Media & Communication 4, 310-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157916639347.
Meyen, Michael, Löblich, Maria, Pfaff-Rüdiger, Senta, and Claudia Riesmeyer. 2019. Qualitative Forschung in der Kommunikationswissenschaft. [Qualitative Research in Communication Studies]. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23530-7.
Ouwerkerk, Jaap W., and Benjamin K. Johnson. 2016. «Motives for Online Friending and Following: The Dark Side of Social Network Site Connections». Social Media and Society 2, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116664219.
Przybylski, Andrew K., Murayama, Kou, DeHaan, Cody R., and Valerie Gladwell. 2013. «Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out». Computers in Human Behavior 29, 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014.
Reinecke, Leonard, Aufenanger, Stefan, Beutel, Manfred E., Dreier, Michael, Quiring, Oilver, Stark, Birgit, Wölfling, Klaus, and Kai W. Müller. 2016. «Digital Stress over the life span: The effects of communication load and internet multitasking on perceived stress and psychological health impairments in a German probability sample». Media Psychology 20, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832.
Ritchie, Jane, Lewis, Jane, Elam, Gilliam, Tennant, Rosalind, and Nilufer Rhim. 2014. «Designing and selecting samples». In Qualitative research practice, ed. Jane Ritchie, Jane Lewis, Carol McNaughton Nicholls, and Rachel Ormston, 111-146. London: Sage.
Roth, Susan, and Lawrence Cohen. 1986. «Approach, avoidance and coping with stress». American Psychologist 41, 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.7.813
Saha, Runa, Huebner, E. Scott, Hills, Kimberly J., Malone, Patrick S., and Robert F. Valois. 2014. «Social coping and life satisfaction in adolescents». Social Indicators Research 115, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0217-3.
Sandler, Irwinn N., Tein, Jenn-Yun, Mehta, Paras, Wolchik, Sharlene, and Tim Ayers. 2000. «Coping efficacy and psychological problems of children of divorce». Child Development 71, 1099-1118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132347.
Santarossa, Sara, and Sarah Woodruff. 2017. «#SocialMedia: Exploring the Relationship of Social Networking Sites on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Eating Disorders». Social Media and Society 3, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117704407.
Schrock, Andrew R. 2016. «Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Facebook and Social Capital: What Is the “Mobile Difference” for Parents of Young Children?» Social Media and Society 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116662163.
Schurgin O’Keeffe, Gwenn, and Kathleen Clarke-Pearson. 2011. «The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families». Pediatrics 127, 800-804. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054.
Seiffge-Krenke, Inge, Aunola, Kaisa, and Jari-Erik Nurmi. 2009. «Changes in stress perception and coping during adolescence: The role of situational and personal factors». Child Development 80, 259-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01258.x.
Sheldon, Pavica, and Katherine Bryant. 2016. «Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age». Computers in Human Behavior 58, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059.
Smahel, David, Machackova, Hana, Mascheroni, Giovanna, Dedkova, Lenka, Staksrud, Elisabeth, Ólafsson, Kjartan, Livingstone, Sonia, and Uwe Hasebrink. 2020. EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. London: EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo.
Swist, Teresa, Collin, Philippa, McCormack, Jane, and Amanda Third. 2015. Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review. Perth, WA.
Van den Bulck, Jan. 2003. «Text messaging as a cause of sleep interruption in adolescents, evidence from a cross-sectional study». Journal of Sleep Research 12, 263. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00362.x.
Van Dijck, Jan. 2013. The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walsh, Shari P., White, Katherine M., and Ross McD. Young. 2008. «Over-connected? A qualitative exploration of the relationship between Australian youth and their mobile phones». Journal of Adolescence 31, 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.004.
Walsh, Shari P., White, Katherine M., and Ross McD. Young. 2009. «The phone connection: A qualitative exploration of how belongingness and social identification relate to mobile phone use amongst Australian youth». Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19, 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.983.
WHO. 2019. Achieving universal health coverage for the world’s 1.2 billion adolescents. Available at https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/adolescence/universal-health-coverage/en/ (accessed 28 November 2019).
Wiederhold, Brenda Kay. 2018. «The Tenuous Relationship Between Instagram and Teen Self-Identity». Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21, 215-216. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.29108.bkw.
Wolfers, Lara, Festl, Ruth, and Sonja Utz. 2020. «Do smartphones and social network sites become more important when experiencing stress? Results from longitudinal data.» Computers in Human Behavior 109, Article 106339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106339.
Yau, Joanna C., and Stephanie M. Reich. 2018. «„It’s just a lot of work”. Adolescents’ self-presentation norms and practices on Facebook and Instagram». Journal of Research on Adolescence 29, 196–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12376.
Zimmerman, Marc A., Copeland, Laurel A., Shope, Jean T., and Terry Dielman. 1997. «A longitudinal study of self-esteem: Implications for adolescent development». Journal of Youth and Adolescence 26, 117-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024596313925.